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Continuous deacylation of amides in a high-temperature and high-pressure microreactor

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2022, Volume 16, Issue 12, Pages 1818-1825 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2182-y

Abstract: The deacylation of amides, which is widely employed in the pharmaceutical industry, is not a fast reaction under normal conditions. To intensify this reaction, a high-temperature and high-pressure continuous microreaction technology was developed, whose space-time yield was 49.4 times that of traditional batch reactions. Using the deacylation of acetanilide as a model reaction, the effects of the temperature, pressure, reaction time, molar ratio of reactants, and water composition on acetanilide conversion were carefully studied. Based on the rapid heating and cooling capabilities, the kinetics of acetanilide deacylation at high temperatures were investigated to determine the orders of reactants and activation energy. This microreaction technology was further applied to a variety of other amides to understand the influence of substituents and steric hindrance on the deacylation reaction.

Keywords： amide deacylation microreactor flow chemistry reaction intensification

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Ultrasonic emulsification: basic characteristics, cavitation, mechanism, devices and application

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2023, Volume 17, Issue 10, Pages 1560-1583 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2160-4

Abstract: Emulsion systems are widely applied in agriculture, food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. Ultrasound has attracted much attention in emulsion preparation, especially for nanoemulsion, due to its advantages of being eco-friendly, cost-effective and energy-efficient. This review provides an overview for readers to the area of ultrasonic emulsification technology. It briefly introduces and summarizes knowledge of ultrasonic emulsification, including emulsion characteristics, acoustic cavitation, emulsification mechanism, ultrasonic devices and applications. The combination of microfluidics and ultrasound is highlighted with huge advantages in controlling cavitation phenomena and emulsification intensification. A novel scale of dμ_C^0.6/μ_D^0.33−E_V is proposed to be able to compare the energy efficiency of emulsion preparation in different devices.

Keywords： nanoemulsion ultrasound microreactor multiphase energy

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Engineering Research Progress of Electrochemical Microreaction Technology—A Novel Method for Electrosynthesis of Organic Chemicals Review

Siyuan Zheng, Junyu Yan, Kai Wang

Engineering 2021, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 22-32 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.06.025

Abstract:

Electrochemical methods are environmentally friendly and have unique advantages in the synthesis of organic chemicals. However, their implementation is limited due to the complex transport problems posed by traditional electrochemical reactors. Recently, the application of microreaction technology in electrosynthesis studies has reduced the transport distance of ions and increased the specific surface area of electrodes, leading to efficient, successive, and easily scaled-up electrosynthesis technologies. In this review article, engineering advantages of using microchannels in electrosynthesis are discussed from process enhancement perspective. Flow patterns and mass transfer behaviors in recently reported electrochemical microreactors are analyzed, and prototypes for the reactor scale-up are reviewed. As a relatively new research area, many scientific rules and engineering features of electrosynthesis in microreactors require elucidation. Potential research foci, considered crucial for the development of novel electrosynthesis technology, are therefore proposed.

Keywords： Electrochemistry Electrosynthesis Microreactor Flow chemistry